3.4 Gravity and the formation of galaxies in Atomic Expansion Theory (no paywall)
The Final Theory by Mark McCutcheon — Theory of Everything in Physics (2 of 13)
3.4 Gravity and the formation of galaxies in Atomic Expansion Theory
The bouncing and expanding electrons within the atom, are responsible for the small expansion of the atom, and this expansion is gravity. As objects expand in the universe, the distance between them reduces. All objects in the universe, no matter the scale, expand at the same constant rate (Xₐ) of 0.00000077 of proportional size per second square, or 7.7 x 10⁻⁷ /s². As per Mark’s mathematical equations, everything in the universe doubles in size every 19 minutes.
This might seem alarming and unconceivable, despite the incredible vastness of the universe. However, this expansion happens behind the scenes, meaning that it remains unseen by us, because we are expanding as well. As a consequence, expansion is not part of our resulting physical reality. All we see are shrinking distances between objects which appear to remain the same size.
The expansion of Earth underneath our feet, behind the scenes, is what keeps us on the ground. Distance shrinks between objects because objects expand, not because there is a mysterious attracting force acting at a distance, which would be emanating from matter, as in Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation. Or because objects distort the fabric of spacetime like a rubber sheet, making smaller passing objects to follow the curves made by larger ones on that sheet, as in Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity.
I believe the galaxies and the universe also double in size every 19 minutes, but Mark McCutcheon does not believe so. From the way he describes the formation and the workings of galaxies, he feels galaxies are not expanding. As a consequence, neither is the universe.
He says, as everything expands within a galaxy, distances shrink and the galaxy reduces in size. This causes all the solar systems to move towards the centre, like water draining down a hole in a sink, explaining their spiralling arms formation as they move down the centre. All the while, new solar systems are always being created at the edge of the galaxies, so galaxies remain more or less the same size. It has been confirmed that new solar systems appear at the edge of galaxies. And the clusters of galaxies, as can be observed in the night sky, are more or less static, they are not moving away from us at an alarming rate.
However, I have another way to explain the spiralling arms formation within a galaxy, which does not involve the analogy of draining water down a hole. It just shows how easily we can all find different ways to explain the same phenomena in physics, justifying the several different models we now have to explain the universe we live in.
The spiralling arms formation of solar systems, are not due to them moving towards the centre as all distances shrink, like draining water in a sink. Instead, I feel solar systems and their arms are simply orbiting around the centre of the galaxy, and if anything, behind the scenes, solar systems are actually moving away from the centre in enlarging orbits.
The spiralling arms formation are simply due to an initial explosion at the centre of the galaxy, where too much pressure built up from too large an object. And the only way all the matter could escape that pressure, was by squeezing out at both poles of the massive object, creating two long straight arms of matter being ejected out on both sides. And the process can repeat again later on, if too much pressure builds up again, then two new straight arms will appear. In time, through the inner expansion of matter, solar systems will form within these arms.
As all the matter starts to orbit around the nucleus, the matter nearer the centre orbits faster, while all the matter at the edge orbits slower. Just like the planets around the Sun are orbiting faster the closer they are to the Sun, or a satellite in a low orbit around the Earth goes faster than one orbiting at a higher orbit. And since the solar systems’ orbits are not very fast, as it takes between 225 and 250 million years, for solar systems to revolve once around the galaxy’s centre, we don’t see circular or elliptical orbits. What we see, are these solar systems shaped in spiralling arms instead, which are constantly twisting and stretching more and more as time goes by, because the matter closer to the centre is moving faster.
However, all solar systems must be orbiting in circular or elliptical orbits around the galaxy’s centre, and not draining towards the centre following the spiralling arms. And these orbits, behind the scenes, are enlarging away from the centre at a constant rate. Moreover, the solar systems are interconnected together by an exchange of planets orbiting between them, so they remain more or less in their spiralling arms formation in their orbit around the galaxy centre.
In effect, galaxies also double in size every 19 minutes, and so is the universe. And clusters of galaxies would not need to move away from us at speeds faster than the speed of light for the universe to expand, since we cannot see this expansion. For us, all sizes, velocities and relative distances between everything, remain more or less proportionally the same, despite the entire universe doubling in size every 19 minutes behind the scenes.
This is important, because my findings reveal that galaxies are atoms while solar systems are electrons, and as such, they must also expand at the same constant Atomic Expansion Rate as everything else in the universe. Just as what we see in the universe are just cosmic molecules made of galaxies linked together by solar systems, composing something larger at a higher scale universe, where everything must also be expanding at the same constant rate.
If we consider the expanding-electron concept, which in turn leads to equally expanding atoms, a new gravitational theory emerges that actually mirrors Einstein’s famous elevator-in-space thought experiment, where standing on Earth is entirely equivalent to being accelerated upward in space.
In figure 1, showing the progression of ideas leading to Expansion Theory, we first see a man standing in a lift on Earth, being kept to the ground by an attracting force emanating from the Earth. In the middle image, we see Einstein’s principle of equivalence, where being accelerated upward in a space elevator, is equivalent to Newtonian gravity. And then, in Expansion Theory, we see the man standing in the lift being pushed upward by an expanding planet.
In figure 2, we see that the force we feel underfoot is then due to our resulting expanding planet, with dropped objects all equally approached by the ground rather than the other way around, while the underlying expansion is unseen, as everything expands equally, maintaining a constant relative size. This would create the appearance of a force somehow holding us to the ground and pulling all objects equally downward, regardless of mass, just as Newton proposed, with a stronger force pulling heavier falling objects. And while Einstein opted for “warped spacetime”, Atomic Expansion Theory suggests this far simpler and more literal possibility of objects simply floating in the air instead of falling, experiencing no g force, until an expanding planet catches up with them.
It is important to note that objects don’t fall equally. Why a small marble and a cruise liner dropped from a certain height in a vacuum, will both reach the ground at the same time, is because from these insignificant heights, it is nearly impossible to measure this accurately.
According to Mark McCutcheon’s equation for gravity, Atomic Expansion Theory would eventually show a difference for falling objects of different sizes. A larger object would reach the ground earlier, because it is proportionally expanding more than a smaller one, reducing the distance between the larger object and the ground faster. Just like in Newton, where a more massive falling object would experience a stronger force attracting it to the Earth.
Even in Einstein, a more massive object should reach the ground faster than a lighter one, because mass is part of his equations, as he described gravity as a result of space and time being curved by mass and energy. How could a massive object not be more affected by gravity than a lighter one, when more massive objects cause more pronounced curvatures of space?
In all three theories, I believe a bowling ball would reach the ground before a feather in a vacuum, no matter how many experiments proving otherwise you will find on the Internet. These experiments are too limited to tell. We would need to stop a planet in its orbit, place it immobile in space at a certain distance from the Sun, place a marble at the same distance on the other side of the Sun, and see if they both reach the Sun at the same time, or which one reaches the Sun first.
Where Einstein and McCutcheon differ from Newton, is that there is no force acting at a distance on any falling object, instead they are free floating in space. Both Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity and Atomic Expansion Theory, explain gravity through geometry instead of forces. In Atomic Expansion Theory it is the geometry of expansion, while in Einstein objects fall to the ground following the curvature of space. But let’s not forget that the falling objects also create their own curvature in space, which depends on their mass and speed (or energy).
Consequently, an overall larger curvature of space from both a planet and the Sun, should bring objects faster together than the miniature curvature a marble would create on the rubber sheet of spacetime. At any rate, Einstein stated his Principle of Equivalence between his theory of gravity compared with Newton’s, and two massive objects will attract each other faster than a large and a small one, because in Newton the force of attraction is greater the more massive an object is.
The expansion of Earth is constant at 4.9 metres per second. The distance reduction between a free floating expanding object and Earth, is an acceleration of 9.8 m/s². People easily forget, when first encountering Atomic Expansion Theory, that the expansion of all objects is constant, and that it is only the distance decrease between expanding objects that is accelerating, as will be explained in the next section.
Hence, the higher you are in the sky, the faster and the harder the Earth will hit you. The air resistance you feel all around you is the air being pushed up in the Earth’s expansion. This air resistance will eventually stop your acceleration when you reach terminal velocity. The atmosphere does not escape into space precisely because it is pushed by the Earth’s expansion, creating air pressure and weather patterns.
Table of content (no paywall)
3.1 First and second types of expansion and contraction of matter according to Mark McCutcheon, concerning General Relativity and the four fundamental forces
3.2 Atomic Expansion Theory
3.3 New model of the atom, strong and weak nuclear forces and chemical bonds
3.4 Gravity and the formation of galaxies in Atomic Expansion Theory
3.5 Two types of distance decrease to calculate gravity in Atomic Expansion Theory
3.6 Atomic Expansion Equation to calculate gravity in Expansion Theory
3.6a The Atomic Expansion Equation
3.7 Second type of growth and shrinkage of matter — The Crossover Effect — Static electricity
3.8 Magnetism and Electricity in Atomic Expansion Theory
3.9 Energy in Atomic Expansion Theory
3.10 Motion and Orbits in Atomic Expansion Theory
3.11 Behind the scenes — Four different perspectives required to explain orbits and gravity
3.11a The first perspective — The God’s viewpoint with expansion — And can we change the expansion rate of matter?
3.11b The second perspective — Our resulting reality without expansion
3.11c The third perspective — Expansion re-established after the relative effects — And how orbits enlarge in spirals and naturally accelerate objects
3.11d Are orbits in the third perspective enlarging gradually or exponentially?
3.11e The fourth perspective — Objects passing each other in space if there were no expansion or gravity
3.12 Slingshot effect and other gravitational anomalies explained
3.13 Two best proofs of Atomic Expansion Theory — The levitating slinky and ball
3.13a The physics of a stretched suspended slinky being dropped
3.13b The physics of a suspended ball being dropped
3.14 Atomic Expansion Theory concepts and orbit simulations on YouTube
3.14a Cruz deWilde
3.14b Life, Everything And The Universe
3.14c The late Gerald Clark’s series about gravity featuring an interview with Roland Michel Tremblay, which are also on YouTube
3.14d Gerald Clark’s Premium Content requiring subscription, except for the free ones indicated
3.14e Chris Freely (The Cosmic Fool)
3.14f Ian Moore (Ianto)
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